Pharmaceutical Chemists

How to Prepare Nano-vesicles for Encapsulating Protein Drugs? Mix glycidyl methacrylate dextran solution with polyethylene glycol solution to form a suspension. Add tri-block polymers to the suspension and emulsify for a certain time, followed by the addition of protein macromolecule drugs and emulsify for a certain time to form nano-vesicles encapsulating protein macromolecule drugs dispersed in two phases of polyethylene glycol and glycidyl methacrylate dextran. A cross-linking agent is added to the nano-vesicle emulsion, cross-linked for a certain period of time, followed by dialysis through a dialysis bag, and the water is removed after lyophilization to obtain polymeric nano-vesicles wrapped with protein macromolecule drug. Among them, the protein macromolecule drug can be selected from one or more of B-galactosidase, FITC-BSA, calf serum protein, interferon or erythropoietin. ... View more

Coated microneedles are capable of retaining drugs at specific depths in the skin, saving a certain amount of drug dose, and are independent of drug diffusion and can be stored independently, making them suitable for protein, peptide and vaccine applications. Coated Microneedle Preparation Methods 1. Design of coated formulations For coated microneedles, the design of the coating formulation is an important part of the process, as it is necessary to ensure film-forming ability and coating adhesion, as well as film uniformity, coating dissolution rate and a certain drug loading capacity. 2. Preparation methods Coating methods such as dip coating, roller coating, layer coating and spraying. 3. Drug delivery method After the CMNs coated with water-soluble drug are inserted into the skin, the drug is dissolved from the CMNs coating into the skin, and then the microneedle is withdrawn. ... View more

Microbial assay is one of the basic components of drug safety, which is of great significance in both theoretical research and production practice. Due to the variability of the microbial assay itself, such as sampling error, dilution error, operating error, culture error and counting error in the microbial assay method, as well as the uneven distribution of microorganisms in the test sample, microbial assay method development and method validation is more complicated than that of the physical and chemical method development and method validation. ... View more

Vaginal atrophy is a consequence of reduced estrogen in urogenital and pelvic tissue that results in a loss of vaginal elasticity, dryness, decreased lubrication, dyspareunia, and urinary symptoms.  As a synthetic estrogen analog, promestriene has two important attributes. Firstly, promestriene is very poorly absorbed from the **bleep** and does not affect systemic hormone levels or estrogen activity. Secondly, promestriene has demonstrated anti-atrophic activity in the genitourinary tract, which leads to significant improvement in symptoms associated with vaginal atrophy. ... View more

Metoprolol tartrate is a white or almost white crystalline powder with the chemical name (±)-1-(isopropylamino)-3-[p-(2-methoxyethyl) phenoxy]-2-propanol (+)-tartrate (2:1). It is a selective β1 receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, aortic dissection, cardiac arrhythmia, hyperthyroidism, and other diseases. Of these, it is most commonly used to treat hypertension. Hypertension is characterized by persistently high blood pressure in the systemic arteries, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is the most important modifiable risk factor for all-cause morbidity and mortality worldwide.  Mechanism of action Activated β1 receptors cause the elevation of blood pressure. Metoprolol tartrate is a β1 receptor inhibitor that competitively blocks β1 receptors with minimal or no effects on β2 receptors. This inhibition decreases myocardial contractility and slows down heart rate, leading to the reduction of cardiac output, thereby lowering blood pressure. In this process, metoprolol tartrate does not exhibit membrane stabilizing or intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. ... View more